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Anthropogenic emissions drive global-scale warming yet the temperature increase relative to pre-industrial levels is uncertain. Using 300 years of ocean mixed-layer temperature records preserved in sclerosponge carbonate skeletons, we demonstrate that industrial-era warming began in the mid-1860s, more than 80 years earlier than instrumental sea surface temperature records. The Sr/Ca palaeothermometer was calibrated against ‘modern’ (post-1963) highly correlated (R2 = 0.91) instrumental records of global sea surface temperatures, with the pre-industrial defined by nearly constant (<±0.1 °C) temperatures from 1700 to the early 1860s. Increasing ocean and land-air temperatures overlap until the late twentieth century, when the land began warming at nearly twice the rate of the surface oceans. Hotter land temperatures, together with the earlier onset of industrial-era warming, indicate that global warming was already 1.7 ± 0.1 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2020. Our result is 0.5 °C higher than IPCC estim

L'histoire d'une course technologique fatale contre le thon et la vie marine

The modern agricultural production system relies heavily on the use of synthetic pesticides, but over the course of recent decades various concerns have been raised on the associated negative externalities touching a variety of dimensions, such as human health and the environment. Yet, the magnitude of those effects is still unclear and data availability is scattered and heterogenous across dimensions, regions, and time. The public sector is called upon to develop and implement strategies to face those externalities and their associated social costs. This study aims to provide an assessment of social costs of pesticides in France in the prospect of an integration to the public budget spending, helping public authorities to identify financial flows of public funding with an impact perspective, within a methodological framework based on the social norms at the core of the public system. The results show that the social costs attributable to synthetic pesticide use in France amounted to 372 million euros, of whi

Atmospheric soot loadings from nuclear weapon detonation would cause disruptions to the Earth’s climate, limiting terrestrial and aquatic food production. Here, we use climate, crop and fishery models to estimate the impacts arising from six scenarios of stratospheric soot injection, predicting the total food calories available in each nation post-war after stored food is consumed. In quantifying impacts away from target areas, we demonstrate that soot injections larger than 5 Tg would lead to mass food shortages, and livestock and aquatic food production would be unable to compensate for reduced crop output, in almost all countries. Adaptation measures such as food waste reduction would have limited impact on increasing available calories. We estimate more than 2 billion people could die from nuclear war between India and Pakistan, and more than 5 billion could die from a war between the United States and Russia—underlining the importance of global cooperation in preventing nuclear war.

Par cette Déclaration, les parlementaires du monde entier s’unissent pour appeler à un moratoire sur l’exploitation minière des grands fonds marins, pour adopter un principe de précaution afin de préserver ce patrimoine commun de l’humanité, et pour protéger les droits humains de toutes les personnes qui dépendent des océans.

Dans le cadre du programme Ecophyto II+, les ministères en charge de la transition écologique, de l’agriculture et de la recherche ont confié en 2020 à INRAE et l’Ifremer le pilotage d’une expertise scientifique collective sur les impacts de ces produits sur la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques, depuis leurs zones d’épandage jusqu’au milieu marin, en France métropolitaine et en Outre-Mer. Les conclusions de cette expertise, présentées ce 5 mai lors d’un colloque public, confirment que l’ensemble des milieux terrestres, aquatiques et marins – notamment côtiers – sont contaminés par les produits phytopharmaceutiques. Des impacts directs et indirects de ces substances sont également avérés sur les écosystèmes et les populations d’organismes terrestres, aquatiques et marins. La contamination tend néanmoins à diminuer pour les substances interdites depuis plusieurs années. Ces travaux mettent aussi en avant des besoins de recherche complémentaires pour mieux quantifier l’impact de ces produits sur l’envi

The Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2020 (L'état des récifs coralliens dans le monde : 2020) est un rapport du Réseau mondial de surveillance continue des récifs coralliens (GCRMN), un réseau de l'Initiative internationale pour les récifs coralliens (ICRI). Ses conclusions montrent qu'entre 2009 et 2018, une perte progressive d'environ 14 % des coraux dans les récifs coralliens du monde a été enregistrée, principalement causée par des épisodes de blanchiment récurrents à grande échelle. Au total, environ 11 700 kilomètres carrés de coraux durs ont été perdus, ce qui représente plus de la totalité des coraux vivant actuellement dans les récifs coralliens de l'Australie.

Climate change is a critical factor affecting biodiversity. However, the quantitative relationship between temperature change and extinction is unclear. Here, we analyze magnitudes and rates of temperature change and extinction rates of marine fossils through the past 450 million years (Myr). The results show that both the rate and magnitude of temperature change are significantly positively correlated with the extinction rate of marine animals.

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), a major ocean current system transporting warm surface waters toward the northern Atlantic, has been suggested to exhibit two distinct modes of operation. A collapse from the currently attained strong to the weak mode would have severe impacts on the global climate system and further multi-stable Earth system components. Observations and recently suggested fingerprints of AMOC variability indicate a gradual weakening during the last decades, but estimates of the critical transition point remain uncertain.