Veille 2.1

Enkele ophefmakende studies die piepkleine plasticdeeltjes vonden in ons bloed, hersenen en teelballen liggen onder vuur. Sommige resultaten zouden niet voldoende gecontroleerd zijn op vervuiling of soms zouden microplastics verward zijn met vetweefsel. Discussie is niet ongewoon, nuanceren Belgische plasticexperten: "Dit is nu eenmaal hoe wetenschap werkt."

The U.S. military is canceling more than 90 studies, including some that U.S. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth dismissed as climate change "crap." Military and intelligence officials have over the past decade identified potential security threats from climate change that include natural disasters in densely populated coastal areas and damage to American military bases worldwide.

Over the past 50 years, humans have extracted the Earth’s groundwater stocks at a steep rate, largely to fuel global agro-economic development. Given society’s growing reliance on groundwater, we explore ‘peak water limits’ to investigate whether, when and where humanity might reach peak groundwater extraction. Using an integrated global model of the coupled human–Earth system, we simulate groundwater withdrawals across 235 water basins under 900 future scenarios of global change over the twenty-first century. Here we find that global non-renewable groundwater withdrawals exhibit a distinct peak-and-decline signature, comparable to historical observations of other depletable resources (for example, minerals), in nearly all (98%) scenarios, peaking on average at 625 km3 yr−1 around mid-century, followed by a decline through 2100. The peak and decline occur in about one-third (82) of basins, including 21 that may have already peaked, exposing about half (44%) of the global population to groundwater stress. Most

Evidence shows a continuing increase in the frequency and severity of global heatwaves1,2, raising concerns about the future impacts of climate change and the associated socioeconomic costs3,4. Here we develop a disaster footprint analytical framework by integrating climate, epidemiological and hybrid input–output and computable general equilibrium global trade models to estimate the midcentury socioeconomic impacts of heat stress. We consider health costs related to heat exposure, the value of heat-induced labour productivity loss and indirect losses due to economic disruptions cascading through supply chains. Here we show that the global annual incremental gross domestic product loss increases exponentially from 0.03 ± 0.01 (SSP 245)–0.05 ± 0.03 (SSP 585) percentage points during 2030–2040 to 0.05 ± 0.01–0.15 ± 0.04 percentage points during 2050–2060. By 2060, the expected global economic losses reach a total of 0.6–4.6% with losses attributed to health loss (37–45%), labour productivity loss (18–37%) and i

Anthropogenic emissions drive global-scale warming yet the temperature increase relative to pre-industrial levels is uncertain. Using 300 years of ocean mixed-layer temperature records preserved in sclerosponge carbonate skeletons, we demonstrate that industrial-era warming began in the mid-1860s, more than 80 years earlier than instrumental sea surface temperature records. The Sr/Ca palaeothermometer was calibrated against ‘modern’ (post-1963) highly correlated (R2 = 0.91) instrumental records of global sea surface temperatures, with the pre-industrial defined by nearly constant (<±0.1 °C) temperatures from 1700 to the early 1860s. Increasing ocean and land-air temperatures overlap until the late twentieth century, when the land began warming at nearly twice the rate of the surface oceans. Hotter land temperatures, together with the earlier onset of industrial-era warming, indicate that global warming was already 1.7 ± 0.1 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2020. Our result is 0.5 °C higher than IPCC estim

This innovative and comprehensive collection of essays explores the biggest threats facing humanity in the 21st century; threats that cannot be contained or controlled and that have the potential to bring about human extinction and civilization collapse. Bringing together experts from many disciplines, it provides an accessible survey of what we know about these threats, how we can understand them better, and most importantly what can be done to manage them effectively.

Flash drought, characterized by unusually rapid drying, can have substantial impact on many socioeconomic sectors, particularly agriculture. However, potential changes to flash drought risk in a warming climate remain unknown. In this study, projected changes in flash drought frequency and cropland risk from flash drought are quantified using global climate model simulations. We find that flash drought occurrence is expected to increase globally among all scenarios, with the sharpest increases seen in scenarios with higher radiative forcing and greater fossil fuel usage. Flash drought risk over cropland is expected to increase globally, with the largest increases projected across North America (change in annual risk from 32% in 2015 to 49% in 2100) and Europe (32% to 53%) in the most extreme emissions scenario. Following low-end and medium scenarios compared to high-end scenarios indicates a notable reduction in annual flash drought risk over cropland. Flash droughts are projected to become more frequent unde

Key UN reports published in last two days warn urgent and collective action needed – as oil firms report astronomical profits The climate crisis has reached a “really bleak moment”, one of the world’s leading climate scientists has said, after a slew of major reports laid bare how close the planet is to catastrophe.

The fate, effects, and treatment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), an anthropogenic class of chemicals used in industrial and commercial production, are topics of great interest in recent research and news cycles. This interest stems from the ubiquity of PFAS in the global environment as well as their significant toxicological effects in humans and wildlife. Research on toxicity, sequestration, removal, and degradation of PFAS has grown rapidly, leading to a flood of valuable knowledge that can get swamped out in the perpetual rise in the number of publications. Selected papers from the Journal of Hazardous Materials between January 2018 and May 2022 on the toxicity, sequestration, and degradation of PFAS are reviewed in this article and made available as open-access publications for one year, in order to facilitate the distribution of critical knowledge surrounding PFAS. This review discusses routes of toxicity as observed in mammalian and cellular models, and the observed human health effects i

L'Allemagne s'est fixé l'objectif ambitieux d'atteindre la neutralité carbone d'ici à 2045, en misant essentiellement sur le développement des énergies renouvelables et des gains d'efficacité énergétique. Dans l'analyse ci-après (en anglais) publiée le 30 juin par l'Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Ralf Dickel(1) « montre pourquoi, pour l'Allemagne, une approche entièrement renouvelable et principalement électrique pour atteindre zéro émission nette d'ici 2045 ne fonctionnera pas, et ne permettra pas de maintenir un approvisionnement énergétique fiable ». Il souligne à ce titre le rôle essentiel du captage et de la séquestration du CO2 dans le cas allemand. L'auteur s'interroge en particulier sur les possibilités et infrastructures nécessaires pour exporter le CO2 capté sur le territoire allemand vers la Norvège.

En novembre 2020, la Commission européenne a présenté une stratégie visant à développer massivement l'éolien offshore dans l'UE, avec un objectif non contraignant de 300 GW cumulés au sein des différents États membres à l'horizon 2050 (et un objectif intermédiaire de 60 GW éoliens offshore en 2030)(1). En l'état des politiques actuelles et du cadre juridique, l'UE ne pourra toutefois porter la puissance installée potentielle de son parc éolien offshore qu'à 90 GW d'ici la moitié du XXIe siècle, selon les estimations de la Commission. Cette dernière réfléchit ainsi aux moyens de faciliter ce déploiement de l'éolien en mer, en « mettant davantage de pression sur les États membres », expliquent Elin Akinci et Siddarth Iyer dans l'analyse ci-après (en anglais) publiée le 9 juin par l'Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Les auteurs y évoquent « les défis politiques et réglementaires » auxquels est actuellement confrontée l'industrie éolienne offshore et les moyens pour les entreprises du secteur de sur

When people talk about ways to slow climate change, they often mention trees, and for good reason. Forests take up a large amount of the planet-warming carbon dioxide that people put into the atmosphere when they burn fossil fuels. But will trees keep up that pace as global temperatures rise? With companies increasingly investing in forests as offsets, saying it cancels out their continuing greenhouse gas emissions, that’s a multibillion-dollar question.

L'Oxford Institute for Energy Studies (OIES) a consacré plusieurs publications aux impacts de la guerre en Ukraine sur les marchés énergétiques depuis le début de l'invasion russe(1). Dans la publication en anglais ci-après mise en ligne le 7 mars, Michael Meidan(2) décrit en autres les conséquences possibles du conflit pour la Chine à court et plus long terme et la position de Pékin, « dans une impasse d'un point de vue géopolitique » : c'est un partenaire politique proche de la Russie, comme l'attestent plusieurs accords importants conclus dans le secteur énergétique en février 2022 mais le pays ne souhaite pas s'exposer à des risques de sanctions occidentales.

Meer dan 99,9 procent van de wetenschappelijke artikels is het erover eens dat de huidige klimaatverandering voornamelijk wordt veroorzaakt door mensen. Dat blijkt uit een steekproef van maar liefst 88.125 klimaatstudies die door collega-wetenschappers getoetst werden op hun kwaliteit.

ome problems are so big, you can't really see them. Climate change is the perfect example. The basics are simple: the climate is heating up due to fossil fuel use. But the nitty gritty is so vast and complicated that our understanding of it is always evolving. Evolving so rapidly, in fact, that it's basically impossible for humans to keep up.